The question: is it possible for a hmmwv to run rich? What are the symptoms and causes?[/QUOTE]
Possible if you or someone else has turned up the fuel delivery (enrichment) screws in the injection pump and/or the IP timing is off slightly, but this is assuming that it has been "tuned" up. It could be that like everyone says, you may not be used to an old style diesel running, mine smells a bit, but that keeps the riff-raff away.
The black soot is normal, if it is running really rich, it will lay down a black smoke cloud on hard acceleration or load. These trucks don't have a particulate filter like the new ones do, that is what is supposed to collect the soot.
Drive it and see what the average of your mileage is, if everything is good, you should be getting at least 16mpg, I get about 18-20 but I do a lot of freeway driving. Running rich you will get less, since it is dumping more fuel.
You could always hang an air freshener near the tailpipe, just to be courteous, lol